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1[DeepMind 研发的走路的智能体](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn4nRCC9TwQ)。这个智能体往前走一步,就会得到一个奖励。这个智能体有不 同的形态,可以学到很多有意思的功能。比如,像人一样的智能体学习怎么在曲折的道路上往前走。结果 非常有意思,这个智能体会把手举得非常高,因为举手可以让它的身体保持平衡,它就可以更快地在环境 里面往前走。而且我们也可以增加环境的难度,加入一些扰动,智能体就会变得更鲁棒。
2[机械臂抓取](https://ai.googleblog.com/2016/03/deep-learning-for-robots-learning-from.htm)。因为我们把强化学习应用到机械臂自动抓取需要大量的预演,所以我们可以使用多 个机械臂进行训练。分布式系统可以让机械臂尝试抓取不同的物体,盘子里面物体的形状是不同的,这样 就可以让机械臂学到一个统一的动作,然后针对不同的抓取物都可以使用最优的抓取算法。因为抓取的物 体形状的差别很大,所以使用一些传统的抓取算法不能把所有物体都抓起来。传统的抓取算法对每一个物 体都需要建模,这样是非常费时的。但通过强化学习,我们可以学到一个统一的抓取算法,其适用于不同 的物体。
2[机械臂抓取](https://ai.googleblog.com/2016/03/deep-learning-for-robots-learning-from.html)。因为我们把强化学习应用到机械臂自动抓取需要大量的预演,所以我们可以使用多 个机械臂进行训练。分布式系统可以让机械臂尝试抓取不同的物体,盘子里面物体的形状是不同的,这样 就可以让机械臂学到一个统一的动作,然后针对不同的抓取物都可以使用最优的抓取算法。因为抓取的物 体形状的差别很大,所以使用一些传统的抓取算法不能把所有物体都抓起来。传统的抓取算法对每一个物 体都需要建模,这样是非常费时的。但通过强化学习,我们可以学到一个统一的抓取算法,其适用于不同 的物体。
3[OpenAI 的机械臂翻魔方](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwSbzNHGflM)。OpenAI 在 2018 年的时候设计了一款带有“手指”的机械臂,它可以 通过翻动手指使得手中的木块达到预期的设定。人的手指其实非常灵活,怎么使得机械臂的手指也具有这 样灵活的能力一直是个问题。OpenAI 先在一个虚拟环境里面使用强化学习对智能体进行训练,再把它应 用到真实的机械臂上。这在强化学习里面是一种比较常用的做法,即我们先在虚拟环境里面得到一个很好 的智能体,然后把它应用到真实的机器人中。这是因为真实的机械臂通常非常容易坏,而且非常贵,一般 情况下没办法大批量地购买。OpenAI 在 2019 年对其机械臂进行了进一步的改进,这个机械臂在改进后 可以玩魔方了。

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* 杨毅远:清华大学硕士在读 → 清华大学硕士
* 江季:北京大学硕士在读 → 北京大学硕士
* 134页式(5.16)下面一段第2行最大化式 (5.16) → 最大化式 (5.15)
* 189页图9.4替换成下图:
![](res/9-4.png ':size=550')
## 第1版第2次印刷2022.06

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